Samples were taken from raw oats delivered to European oat mills during 2005 2009, and oat flakes, oat meal and oat by-products produced at the mills during the same period.
The occurrence and levels of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats, oat flakes, oat meal and oat by-products from European oat mills in 2005 2009 are summarized in Table 2. T-2 and HT-2 toxins were found together in most contaminated samples and the incidence of the toxins (as > 5 μg kg−1) in oats, oat flakes, oat meal and oat by-products were 93, 77, 34 and 99%, respectively.
Can-Oat Milling, one of the largest oat mills in the world, also has a plant in the municipality.
Eleven oat mills from UK (6), Germany (2), Finland (1), Poland (1) and Ireland (1), represented by CEEREAL, participated in the survey.
To be fair, I am not your run-of-the-oat-mill-vegan. I write about animal rights and veganism for major media across North America, most recently declaring 2019 the Year of the Vegan in Maclean's Magazine, debating a hog farmer in the Toronto Star about "humane" meat, and boasting about famous vegans in the New York Daily News.
In response, CEEREAL, the European Breakfast Cereal Association, initiated and planned this survey of T-2 and HT-2 toxins in oats and oat products from European mills.
Grain hulls are the outer covering of the grain seed, commonly originating from oat and rice milling.
AC Assiniboia and AC Medallion are Canadian spring milling oat varieties with the crown rust resistance genes Pc38, Pc39, and Pc68 [ 21, 22].
In the study, two digesters and one control were operated at 37°C with 20 days of HRT for the co-digestion of industrial sludge, milled oat (D5) and industrial sludge (D6), in parallel with a control reactor fed with milled oat (D4).
Clostridium cellulolyticum ATCC 35319 or H10 (Ccel) was cultured anaerobically at 35°C in 250 mL flasks with 100 mL working volume of modified DCB-1 medium [ 56] supplemented with 2.0 g/L of glucose, xylose, cellobiose, or 5.0 g/L of cellulose (Avicel PH101), xylan (from oat spelts) or milled corn stover.
