Sentence examples for numerous trophic levels from inspiring English sources

These results highlight the importance of this seasonally active upwelling in influencing the nutrient cascade, numerous trophic levels and top predators of the region.

Plant volatiles emitted into the air are similar to an open book, which makes them widely available to numerous organisms from different trophic levels, including other plants, herbivores and carnivores.

Thus, the presence of just a few top predators has numerous effects – direct and indirect – that cascade down the trophic levels within an ecosystem.

Most food chains consist of three or four trophic levels.

Importantly, the effects of higher trophic-level species richness propagated through the food web, indicating that higher trophic levels have important indirect effects on ecosystem functions driven by adjacent trophic levels.

In addition to the analyses of multifunctionality based on the full set of functions and predictors across trophic levels, we conducted two further analyses to tease apart diversity effects within trophic levels vs. effects across trophic levels.

When considered separately, four of the six trophic levels showed significant diversity effects on multifunctionality that were not dependent on functions directly mediated by the respective trophic level.

The effects of higher trophic levels propagated through the food web, showing that their contribution to multifunctionality extends far beyond effects on the functioning within individual trophic levels.

Such cascades, where the removal of one trophic level (in this case, top predators) causes knock-on effects through other trophic levels, are well documented from aquatic communities7.

Pimm, S. L. & Lawton, J. H. Number of trophic levels in ecological communities.

Lefcheck, J. S. et al. Biodiversity enhances ecosystem multifunctionality across trophic levels and habitats.