The EGFR system on epithelial cells and underlying mesenchymal cells (fibroblasts, myofibroblasts, and smooth muscle cells) drives numerous phenotypic changes during the progression of these pulmonary diseases, including epithelial cell mucous cell metaplasia and mesenchymal cell hyperplasia, differentiation, and extracellular matrix production.
Domestic chickens are excellent models for investigating the genetic basis of phenotypic diversity, as numerous phenotypic changes in physiology, morphology, and behavior in chickens have been artificially selected.
Thus, starvation is not only a distinct physiological state that Tetrahymena likely encounters in its freshwater environment, but it also induces numerous phenotypic and behavioral changes resulting in the acquisition of competence for mating.
Numerous investigators have studied the phenotypic changes in chondrocytes during passage in monolayer culture.
38 Pathophysiological (genomic and epigenomic) and phenotypic changes are more numerous and complex in solid tumors than in hematopoietic tumors, so carcinomas and sarcomas have more targetable molecules that can be used as therapeutic targets.
OBJECTIVE: Although numerous diseases involving cellular proliferation are also associated with phenotypic changes, there has been little direct evidence that cell phenotype and the cell's response to external stimuli are modified during passage through different phases of the cell cycle.
The effect of EMS mutagenesis initially can be observed through phenotypic changes of mutagenized plants, and numerous reports have been published on the effects.
Numerous published examples document the successful use of PM technology to assay phenotypic changes in gene knockout strains using a wide range of microbial species (http://www.biolog.com/mID_section_13.html).
In response to numerous different stimuli, 'quiescent' endothelial cells (anti-coagulant, anti-adhesive) undergo dramatic phenotypic changes towards an 'activated', pro-coagulant, pro-adhesive state, which is paralleled by disassembly of adherence junctions (e.g. VE-cadherin) and myosin driven cell contraction, resulting in inter-endothelial gap formation [ 1, 2].
Now consider all possible phenotypic changes of a certain step size, beginning from the phenotype P.
Using RNA-Seq, researchers have identified numerous novel genes and additional alternative splicing forms [ 14, 17, 18], as well as unraveling expression profiles underlying phenotypic changes, such as development stages [ 19, 20].
