The marine toxin domoic acid (DA), produced by the cosmopolitan diatom species Pseudonitzchia, affects numerous organisms in the wild through trophic transfer, including sea birds, manatees, dolphins, and sea lions, as well as humans (Gulland et al. 2002; Lefebvre et al. 1999; Perl et al. 1990; Scholin et al. 2000; Work et al. 1993).
Expression of either VnfD when Mo is limiting, or of AnfD when both Mo and V are limiting, indicates that retention of the genes for the less efficient nitrogenases still confers an evolutionary advantage on numerous organisms that occur in niches where Mo concentrations are very low (e.g., [17], [18]).
Many genes have been sequenced in numerous organisms, and the complete genome has been sequenced in various species ranging from humans to viruses.
Recent reports have highlighted the role of mitochondria in regulation of senescence in numerous organisms including yeast, flowering plants and mammals [ 12- 15].
First described in Escherichia coli as a response to bacteriophage infection [ 5], these fragments have been observed in numerous organisms and are commonly referred to as tiRNAs (reviewed in [ 6]).
Components of the RNA silencing machinery are involved in different aspects of chromatin function in numerous organisms.
The massive increase in the number of small RNAs being uncovered in numerous organisms increases the need for improved methods of small RNA detection.
Through the analysis of essential genes in numerous organisms, fundamental evolutionary mechanisms and genomic fingerprints may be uncovered which will aid in essential gene identification in organisms lacking experimental validation.
Variation in telomere length has been demonstrated to predict subsequent survival in numerous organisms [ 14- 23].
MiR-9, a highly conserved microRNA, is expressed predominantly in the central nervous system (CNS) of the developing embryo (Wienholds et al., 2005) and is of particular importance in the development of the CNS, exhibiting a prodifferentiation function, in numerous organisms (Delaloy et al., 2010, Leucht et al., 2008, Shibata et al., 2011, Zhao et al., 2009).
Acyl-CoA diacylglycerol Acyl-CoA diacylglycerolEC 2.3.1.20) cacyltransferasenal step in the sn-glycerol-3-phosphate pathway leaDGAT to TG. DGAT activity rECides mainly in two distinct membrane bound polypeptides, known as DGAT1 and DGAT2.3.1.20have been identified in numerous organisms.
