In recent years the attention of many researchers has attracted by metal plasmonic structures that play an important role in numerous fields of research and applications, for example, as a substrate for optical sensors based on plasmon resonance [1], or surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy [2] as sub-wavelength optical elements [3], and others.
Plasmonic gratings that support both localized plasmon resonant oscillations and propagating surface plasmon-polaritons, electromagnetic waves coupled to electron density oscillations and propagating along the interface between metal and dielectric, have found wide use in recent years in numerous fields of research and applications.
During the last three decades or so, due to its demonstrated applications in numerous fields of science and engineering, such as viscoelasticity, neurons, electrochemistry, control, etc. [1 6], more attention was paid to the fractional differential equations.
During the last three decades or so, due to its demonstrated applications in numerous fields of science and engineering, such as viscoelasticity, neurons, electrochemistry, control (see [4 9]), more attention was paid to the fractional differential equations.
Fractional differential equations as an application of fractional calculus have recently been viewed as a useful mathematical model applied in numerous fields of science and engineering (see [2 11]).
Chemical modifications of these groups have provided numerous useful materials in different fields of application.
The corrugated steel plate is a widely used structural element in many fields of application because of its numerous favorable properties.
These recent developments offer numerous potential applications in forensics; the most important field of application is the identification of timber species and the origin of wood and wood products based on DNA markers.
Numerous scientific studies show the increasing importance of trained scent detection dogs in a wide field of application.
Eighty years after the birth of quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger's famous equation still remains a subject of numerous studies, aiming at extending its field of applications and at developing more efficient analytic and approximation methods to obtain its solutions.
