Sentence examples for numerous effector proteins from inspiring English sources

The obligate intracellular bacterial pathogen Chlamydia trachomatis injects numerous effector proteins into the epithelial cell cytoplasm to manipulate host functions important for bacterial survival.

Pathogens secrete numerous effector proteins into their hosts; plants that lack cognate resistance genes exhibit compatible host-pathogen interactions resulting in disease.

Numerous effector proteins are translocated by the Dot/Icm system of L. pneumophila that enables the survival within the phagosomes (Ensminger and Isberg, 2009).

Studies of biotrophic fungi have indicated that numerous effector proteins are expressed in haustoria and secreted into host cells and potentially recognized by resistance R proteins inside the host cells [ 3, 6– 8].

In fact, numerous effector proteins causing virulence in plant and animal pathogens such as Yersia and Pseudomonas are cysteine proteases, which target SUMO and other regulatory and signaling molecules such as NF-κB [ 44].

During its interaction with the host plant, C. lentis likely secretes numerous effector proteins, including toxins to alter the plant's innate immunity, thereby gaining access to the host tissues for nutrition and reproduction.

By virtue of its ability to modulate the activity of numerous key effector proteins that are essentially involved in the control of Ca2+ and NO homeostasis in cardiac, skeletal muscle and vascular cells, S100A1 has been proven to play a critical role both in cardiac performance, blood pressure regulation and skeletal muscle function [4,21,23].

The term level of occupancy implies a certain hierarchy among the signaling proteins, which is certainly given in the single protein ligand scenario where one scaffold can bind numerous other effector proteins.

Components of the Dot/Icm T4SS of L. pneumophila, together with numerous translocated effector proteins of this system were shown to be under the direct control of two regulators, PmrA and CpxR (Zusman et al., 2007; Altman and Segal, 2008).

Numerous downstream effector proteins and pathways that mediate PHR protein function have also been discovered (Baker et al. 2014, 2015; Collins et al. 2006; Grill et al. 2007, 2012; Liao et al. 2004; Murthy et al. 2004; Nakata et al. 2005; Tian et al. 2011; Tulgren et al. 2014; Xiong et al. 2012; Yan et al. 2009).

However, intensive research in recent years has resulted in better understanding of innate immunity as well as the discovery of many effector proteins, revealing its numerous powerful mechanisms to defend the host.