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Finite element analysis enables the computation of numerical strain fields using a thermodynamical constitutive model for shape memory alloys previously implemented in a finite element code.
The model has been validated by comparing the numerical strain results with the strain measurements on a full-scale girder with end blocks, which was produced in a precast concrete plant.
The strategy consists in updating physical parameters associated to damages, such as Young's modulus, in order to minimize the gap between the numerical strain obtained from finite element solves and the strain sensor outputs.
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Numerical strain-softening models, representing various possible configurations for multiple seams in close proximity and multi-pass extraction within a thick coal seam, are run and the peak stress is calibrated against pillar strength determined by the empirical equation.
However, interpretation is as follows: If only the opening-ratio is available but information on the exact sizes and locations lacks, the distribution of openings might be idealized to gain maximum numerical strains with a deviation of about ±25% calculated for an opening-ratio of 23%.
The alphabetical strains code used in our study refers to the geographical area origin of isolation; the numerical strains code part is a simple sequential order to differentiate strains.
Concept-conforming modelling and numerical stress and strain analysis are relevant modules of the procedure.
Numerical stress and strain distributions through the bond during the crimping phase and under an axial tensile test are calculated with a solid 3D finite element model and the damage initiation in the composite is highlighted.
Numerical uniaxial strain tests are used to predict porosity and permeability reduction caused by reservoir compaction.
Analytical and numerical elastic stress strain solutions are compared to provide a robust normalised standard relationship for predicting the spacing of fractures.
Numerical displacements, strains, ultimate capacity and failure modes agreed well with experimental results.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com