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Monotheism and polytheism are often thought of in rather simple terms e.g., as merely a numerical contrast between the one and the many.
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Twenty-eight trials were presented for each numerical contrast, 2 daily trials for each set.
New Zealand robins for instance were proved to discriminate the same numerical contrast presented to fish (4 vs. 8) by using numerical information only [27].
Twenty trials were presented for each numerical contrast, 2 each day, randomly intermingled among the 3 sets of stimuli.
Previous experiment provided information about a single numerical contrast in the small number range, 2 vs. 3 fish.
In the training phase the fish had to discriminate between the same numerical contrasts presented in the pre-training for 3 consecutive daily sessions.
An overall one-way ANOVA on the proportion of time spent near the larger shoal showed a significant difference between the three numerical contrasts (F 2,59) = 5.917, p = 0.005).
After pre-training, the fish started the training phase: the fish had to discriminate between the same numerical contrasts presented in the pre-training for 3 consecutive daily sessions.
The key phase for this experiment was represented by the comparison of fish accuracy in the 3 numerical contrasts to see whether the capacity to discriminate between large sets was affected by total numerosity.
Bonferroni post hoc tests revealed a difference between '2 vs. 3' and the other numerical contrasts ('4 vs. 8' p = 0.014, '4 vs. 12' p = 0.012), while no difference was found between the latter two (p = 1).
Thus at birth the capacity of guppies to discriminate between sets differing by one unit includes all numerical contrasts in the range 1 4 (1 vs. 2, 2 vs. 3, 3 vs. 4) but not contrasts involving larger numbers such as 4 vs. 5 and 5 vs. 6.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com