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LEP was not statistically significantly correlated with poor knowledge on birth defects or with the two numeracy questions.
In total, 59% of the participants had both numeracy questions correct and 88% had all literacy questions correct.
Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the 10-item scale was 0.75 and, for the 12-item (which included the numeracy questions), was 0.76.
Immediate recall followed the encoding phase, with a short waiting period (about five minutes during which verbal fluency and numeracy questions were asked) inserted before the delayed recall.
As a sensitivity analysis, we added the numeracy questions to the 10-item questionnaire and ran both models 1 and 2. Individual questions on birth defects, frequency of dosing and alcohol (ETOH) were also analyzed separately in both bivariable and multivariable analyses.
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Consequently, the answers on the third numeracy question (correct response 0.1) were not taken into account in the composite.
In the Lipkus study [ 5], the first question in Table 2 was an unscored practice question; however, following the example of Schwartz et al [ 6] and Gurmankin et al [ 41, 42], the same item was used here as a valid numeracy question.
Therefore, the ESS asks respondents about personal details, contact information, employment history and income, schooling and training experience, and a few objective numeracy and literacy questions.
We follow the PIAAC distinction and we construct the variables "Skipped" and "Not Attempted" as the average rate of test-items in each of these two categories for every test taker in numeracy and literacy questions.
Questions assessed numeracy by asking participants to perform simple mathematical calculations and to answer questions that reflect the ability to understand financial concepts such as compound interest or inflation rates.
Finally but importantly, individuals whose behavior is difficult to rationalize tend to obtain low scores on numeracy and financial literacy questions and are less educated.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com