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Missing cost and utility data will be imputed using multiple imputation through chained equations, with the number of imputation datasets set to reflect the proportion of missingness in the data as recommended by previous guidelines into the use of MI approaches [ 44].
MICE is but one of a number of imputation programs available in statistics computer packages.
The number of imputation based datasets was reported in 22 papers.
A number of imputation scenarios were generated by combining different reference and test sets and SNP densities.
A number of imputation techniques have been developed that address the resulting bias associated with the restriction of tabulations to question responders only.
A number of imputation software programs (fastPHASE [ 23], MACH [ 24], IMPUTE [ 25], Beagle [ 19], PLINK [ 26], DualPhase [ 27]) have been used to infer missing or untyped genotypes based on known information derived from flanking markers.
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Of note, for the single simulated dataset, we chose a moderate number of imputations m = 300 to impute the missing Y observations.
The number of imputations was set at 15, and imputed data sets were combined using Rubin's combination rules.
38 39 In deciding how many data sets to be imputed, we took the number of imputations (n) to be greater than the percentage or fraction of incomplete cases.
Consequently, the MNAR estimate becomes highly dependent on that single imputed dataset as the number of imputations increases, and thus the distribution of the MNAR estimates over 1000 imputations has wider tails than the distribution over fewer imputations.
Inflating the between imputation variance by a factor 1/ m reflects the extra variability as a consequence of imputing the missing data using a finite number of imputations instead of an infinite number of imputations [ 4].
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