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In these species the number of height growth units for the year is determined to a great extent during the previous year.
The number of protomers containing in the worm-like form shown in Fig. 1e was six judging from the number of height peaks (Supplementary Figure 3d), although the number of protomers varied ranging from three to eight (Supplementary Figure 6).
The two primary determinants of height growth are the number of height growth units (the node plus its subtending internode) produced during each growing season and elongation of the internodes.
While the expected number of height trees per sample plot was three per species until 2004, the expected number of height trees per plot was 10 independent of tree species from 2005 onwards.
For instance, the number of height growth observations for birches equal to or taller than 4.0 m by the 1st, 2nd and 3rd growth period were 0, 1 and 7, respectively.
We constructed genetic risk scores that summed each man's number of height and BMI increasing alleles across multiple single nucleotide polymorphisms robustly associated with each phenotype from published genome-wide association studies.
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We create a count of the total number of height-increasing alleles for each child and use this as the instrumental variable for height (see Section 4.4).
Columns 3 5 show the raw association between this measure, the covariates and the number of 'tall' alleles, obtained from a regression of standardized height or each covariate on the number of height-increasing alleles.
The rest of columns (3 5) show no clear patterns or (with three exceptions) statistically significant associations in the relationship between the contextual variables and the number of height-increasing alleles.
To avoid such problems of low power, we create a count of the total number of height-increasing alleles carried by each child (as in e.g. Weedon et al. (2008); Lettre et al. (2008)).
Overall, however, the number of height-associated SNPs for which the height increaser allele had a positive effect on faster tooth eruption was not greater than expected by chance ('Age at first tooth': 89/180 SNPs in the expected direction P = 0.94; 'Number of teeth': 92/180 SNPs in the expected direction P = 0.71).
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