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We're in a place where Donald Trump and his feral bullet-headed stooge could claim something caught on tape didn't happen because a lot of people decided a long time ago that objective reality is just the null outcome of two opinions colliding with each other mid-screen.
We assume that a null outcome, such as a payoff of zero, occurs with probability 1−p.
This implies that l-dopa degrades the discrimination between a salient loss and a neutral null outcome.
Some studies showed a positive outcome at one assessment time, and null outcome at another time [ 18, 26, 27].
40 However, the null outcome is supported by the results in ref. 33, included in this review, showing neither detrimental effects of increased loading nor beneficial effects of decreased loading over 12 months in a group of knee OA patients.
On the reversal trial (Treversal), unexpected feedback (reversal cues), either in the form of a more salient loss or a less salient null outcome, signaled the need to change behavior under 2 factors: Go versus No-Go and drug versus placebo.
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The null outcomes were discussed and explicated.
This pattern was not present in the blocks where reversals were signaled by less salient null outcomes.
The self selected nature of the general practitioners and families and the non-blinding of families seem unlikely to have affected generalisability given the null outcomes.
GENERAL POINTS The only limitation of the current manuscript is related to the difficulties in interpreting null outcomes; in this case a triple negative result.
In conclusion, we show an effect of salience on set-switching, with more efficient reversal following unexpected losses compared with null outcomes was abolished by l-dopa, both at the level of behavior and associated prefrontal responses.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com