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(the null element of E); (RN-3) ?
Moreover, the null element in 37 is subcategorized for by haoting in S2. (37) [S1 Ni [VP change-de [S2 Ø tebie haoting]]] (Ø=null element) .
Like 54, the null element in 55 also refers to an entity.
In the case of the first reading of 48, the null element refers to the eventuality of playing; in the case of the second reading, the null element refers to Zhangsan.
In the case of 11, for example, the null element refers to the running by Zhangsan.11 (22) [S1 NP [VP V-de [S2 Ø AP ]]] (Ø=null element) .
In pa-CAs, the top transitive little v is a phonologically null element comparable to poa, as diagramed below.
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In fact, there is evidence for this from the interpretation of null elements in Mandarin.
In this 3D numerical model, mechanical behaviors of the soil elements were simulated by Mohr-Coulomb model; the excavation and the excavation support were simulated through the Null Elements and Structural Unit, respectively.
When the sample size is smaller than the number of genes, i.e. n < p, and, in addition, n is smaller than the dimension of the larger clique of the graph, a shrinkage covariance matrix with null elements corresponding to the missing edges of the graph G may be employed.
The estimates of the covariance matrices can be obtained by running the Iterative Proportional Scaling algorithm (IPS in the following, see [ 15]) on the sample covariance matrices, which guarantees that the estimated matrices are positive definite and their inverse have null elements corresponding to the missing edges of the graph.
To exemplify, in the case of two conditions, we assume the Gaussian models ℳ 1 (G ) = { Y ~ N p (μ 1, Σ 1 ), Σ 1 − 1 ∈ S + (G ) }, ℳ 2 (G ) = { Y ~ N p (μ 2, Σ 2 ), Σ 2 − 1 ∈ S + (G ) }. Here, p is the number of genes (vertices of the graph) and S+ G) is the set of symmetric positive definite matrices with null elements corresponding to the missing edges of G.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com