Within the nucleus, the ability of these probes to report lifetime differences will facilitate novel investigations of chromatin micro-environment under a variety of physiological circumstances, including proliferation, quiescence, senescence, and cell cycle progression.
Since chromatin, rather than naked DNA, is the substrate for gene expression in the cell nucleus, the ability of viruses to direct chromatin modifications is a prerequisite for reprogramming the host cell transcription machinery for virus particle production [ 13].
The fact that isotopes such as 239Pu and 241Am have more than one alpha line indicates that the nucleus has the ability to be in different discrete energy levels (like a molecule can).
We expect that increased excitation in the thalamic reticular nucleus increases the ability of the thalamocortical circuit to activate the reticular neurons, thus producing the powerful inhibitory drive necessary for SWD generation.
Therefore, engineering designs that allow an investigator to advance the electrode accurately into a specific brain nucleus and the ability to control neural activity in vivo in conscious animals are critical for many future neuroscience studies.
Our model system with the R74S mutant will thus be useful to determine whether translocation to mitochondria and nucleus modulates the ability of gal-7 to modulate apoptosis in other cancer cell types.
Thus, the image shown in Fig. 5a, depicting keratinocyte or other epidermal cell (e.g., melanocyte) nuclei, demonstrate the ability of confocal Raman to detect DNA in intact skin tissue.
Two of the most attractive features of FISH measurements of the 3D nucleus organization are the ability to simultaneously visualize multiple targets and the structural organization of nucleus and cells, something that cannot be achieved by array-based methods.
In summary, these in vitro and in vivo results demonstrate a redundant role for Erk1 and Erk2 in EC, and indicate that targets at both the cell membrane and in the nucleus account for the ability of these kinases to regulate EC functions that are necessary for embryonic angiogenesis.
To further examine the potential for miRNA pathways to operate in the nucleus, we tested the ability of Dicer, the enzyme that processes pre-miRNA precursors, to generate mature miRNAs in nuclear or cytoplasmic extracts.
Two of these, the related proto-oncoproteins c-Ski and c-SnoN, associate with Smad2, Smad3, or Smad4 in the nucleus to repress the ability of TGF-β-activated SMAD complexes to activate transcription [ 85**, 86, 87**, 88, 89**].
