In songbirds, the caudo-dorsal portion of the nidopallium (a part of the avian pallium that is thought to share a common origin with mammalian cortical regions) encompasses both HVC, a specialized nucleus of the song system that is unique to songbirds, and the Shelf, a component of the central auditory system that is present in all birds (Fig. 1A) [15].
Figures were prepared in Illustrator CS5 (Adobe Systems Inc .. We conducted a qualitative assessment of relative mRNA expression within the four telencephalic nuclei of the song system (RA, HVC, Area X, and LMAN) using a scoring system based on a scale of o (no detectable expression), and + to +++ (for low to high expression).
Investigators have observed rapidly moving clouds of ionized gas near the nucleus of the Milky Way system at a wavelength of 10 micrometres.
The Buddhist monasteries acted as nucleus of the Buddhist educational system.
The medial geniculate body (MGB) is the thalamic nucleus of the central auditory system serving to shape and/or gate information as it is passed on to auditory cortical neurons.
Figure 2D and E show that two important inhibitory nuclei of the saccadic system, the raphe interpositis pontis (RIP) and the substantia nigra pars reticulata (SNr) remained intact.
In situ hybridization revealed that FN3KRP and FN3KRPL2 expression, including several transcript variants for the latter, is uniformly low throughout the brain, including nuclei of the song system (data not shown).
Hypoplasia/agenesis of one or more nuclei of the raphe system (i.e., obscurus, pallidus, median, magnum, caudal linear raphe nuclei), a complex of nuclei that plays a trophic role in brain development, being responsible for serotonergic transmission [ 27], was the most frequent alteration (observed in 28 SIUDS and 8 SIDS).
