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However, the study is also consistent with the subtype C nucleotide template being inherently responsible for increased polymerization-induced K65R mutations in vivo.
This study shows that the RT KKK nucleotide template in subtype C viruses can lead to the spurious detection of K65R by highly sensitive PCR-dependent sequencing techniques.
However, such a mechanism cannot explain a preference for K65R in subtype C viruses because a change from K to R requires a single substitution regardless of the underlying nucleotide template (AAA→AGA or AAG→AGG).
First, it shows that the RT KKK nucleotide template in subtype C viruses can lead to the spurious detection of K65R by highly sensitive PCR-dependent sequencing techniques such as UDPS or deep molecular clonal sequencing.
The nucleotide template was extracted from the resulting MIP film with 1% NH4OH (Table 2).
Sequence reads were aligned (Exonerate, version 2.2.0, with options model = affine:local and subopt = F, score = 600) to a 205 nucleotide template p14 reference sequence in which all cytosine residues were masked.
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A second set of UDPS experiments with plasmid clones containing the two most common subtype B (AAG-AAA-AAA and AAG-AAA-AAG) and C (AAA-AAG-AAG and AAA-AAG-AAA) nucleotide templates demonstrates unequivocally that the sequence of this template alone was sufficient to explain the higher PCR error rate with subtype C nucleotide templates.
Ni II) has beeb reported to impair the fidelity of viral and bacterial DNA polymerases for in vitro replication of synthetic nucleotide templates.
Although most of the added nucleotides were template nucleotides, there were non-template nucleotides in some of the isomiRs, such as miR-1-1, miR-125a, miR-203a, miR-206, and miR-375 (Additional File 5).
Employing single-turnover kinetic methods, we examined human DNA polymerase β and its novel X-family homolog, human DNA polymerase λ, to determine which nucleotide and template base was preferred when encountering 8-oxodG and 8-oxodGTP, respectively.
These residues interact with the incoming nucleotide and template strand, respectively.
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