They originate in both mass and nuclear structure effects.
Quantum theory is needed for understanding nuclear structure.
"Those discoveries tell us a great deal about the underlying nuclear structure," Dr. Nazarewicz said.
This led to the so-called Sussex matrix elements, which have been widely applied by nuclear structure researchers.
(It is these variations in the nuclear structure that allow pathologists to see whether a cell is malignant).
For additional information pertaining to nuclear structure and elementary particles, see subatomic particles.
Several other differences between isotopes depend on nuclear structure rather than on nuclear mass.
Wigner also conducted research on quantum mechanics, the theory of the rates of chemical reactions, and nuclear structure.
Kendall also did research in nuclear structure, in high-energy electron scattering, and in meson and neutrino physics.
However, owing to their short lifetimes, it was difficult to measure their nuclear binding energies and hence their nuclear structure.
The advent of the interacting boson model of nuclear structure, introduced in 1974 by Arima and Francesco Iachello, gave his research new impetus in a different direction.
