Cambia's process, which it calls transgenomics, does not move genes intended to introduce a novel trait into rice, but its method for changing rice's regulation of its own genes does require on-off switches to be imported from bacteria, yeast or other plants.
For the novel trait, this includes comprehensive information on the molecular characterization of the GM plant, its introduced genetic material and tissue-specific expression of the novel proteins.
Once the novel trait arises, the time between speciation events will occur more quickly, and may be so fast that more than two species arise simultaneously.
The ERA of GM plants currently focuses only on the novel trait and the novel substance (e.g. Bt-toxins, see below) expressed therein (Table 1).
Our data demonstrate the robust nature of this novel trait, and the feasibility of making fish oils in genetically modified crops.
Coupled with the idea that escape and radiate creates species-rich groups is the prediction that the tempo of speciation should be quick and that the burst of speciation should occur concurrently with the evolution of a novel trait.
As this step is largely independent of the genetically engineered novel trait of the crop plant, the outcome of these two steps can be used for ERA of other GM, cases using the same plant/crop species.
This could potentially enhance the ecological expansion of the introgressed hybrids and their progeny at the cost of other plant species, or affect health of humans and animals, depending on the novel trait engineered into the crop.
To address this, we capitalized on a novel trait, flatwing, that arose and proliferated at the start of the 21st century in a population of field crickets (Teleogryllus oceanicus) on the Hawaiian island of Kauai [3].
Such information, combined with results from physiological crosses designed to test novel trait combinations, lead to more precise breeding strategies, and feed models of genotype-by-environment interaction to help build new plant types and experimental environments for future climates.
