Adelina Marku, who speaks for the Tetovo-based Democratic Party of Albanians, a junior partner in Macedonia's ruling coalition government, says that the Kosovars, who declared nominal independence from Serbia back in 1991 and created a series of notional organs of state, had lulled themselves into a false sense of security.
A loose alliance of Islamist movements – two of them local and one multinational – seeks to turn Mali into the core of a jihadist empire stretching 2,000 miles across the notional frontiers of 10 states in northern and western Africa from Nigeria to Libya.
Existence, Kant pointed out, is not a property like other properties; to state that a notional object has material existence doesn't in any way impact its essence.
One is that the nation-state system of notional equality between countries fails to recognise that some are more equal than others.
Significant time was spent constructing a notional army, the First United States Army Group, to threaten Pas de Calais, as well as political and visual deceptions to communicate a fictional Allied battle plan.
India's "princely states", which had retained notional independence, were given the option of acceding to India or to Pakistan.
He has not yet won any Southern states, bar Florida and his notional ascendancy in Virginia.
There are demands for a write-off, as well as for Russia's debts to the West to be offset by notional loans made long ago to Soviet satellite states such as Vietnam, or by the energy debts accumulated more recently by nearby countries such as Ukraine.
Important parameters are maximum free flow speed (V f ), jam density (ρ max ) where speed and flow are zero, and the critical density (ρ c ) and speed (v c ) where the regimes meet, smooth flow typically breaks down and queuing develops, and the state where maximum flow occurs corresponds to notional capacity.
Defined-contribution pension plans are genuinely funded, but the approach can be extended to state pay-as-you-go schemes, by creating "notional" accounts.
