It is also possible to deceive using truthful statements that are not assertions, such as jokes, ironic statements, and even the lines of a play delivered on stage, so long as the intention to deceive can be formed.
Finally, it is possible to deceive by non-linguistic conventional signs (symbols), such as wearing a wedding ring when one is not married, or wearing a police uniform when one is not a police officer.
It is also possible to deceive by omitting to make certain statements, or by remaining silent.
In addition to deceiving addressees, it is possible to deceive those listening in, as in a bogus disclosure (e.g., deceiving F.B.I. agents secretly known to be listening in on a telephone conversation) or a disclosure (e.g., deceiving NASA handlers openly listening to exchanges between astronauts and their wives in Capricorn One).
It is possible to deceive by making a truthful and true statement that intentionally implies a falsehood.
What is not added is Robert Francis's recommendation in his report that all professionals and managers speak out candidly when funds can't cover safe care: "To pretend an acceptable level of service can be delivered when it is not possible to do so is to deceive patients and the public".
Even if it is not possible to lie to eavesdroppers, or to those merely listening in, as in the case of kibbitzing, it may be possible to lie in the cases of bogus disclosure, as in the example above of Mickey saying to Danny, "The pick-up is at midnight tomorrow," with the intention of deceiving the F.B.I. agents listening in.
"We did not want to deceive anybody.
"By God I swear that the army, since 25 January 2011, did not kill and did not order to kill, did not deceive and did not order to deceive".
A control group did not receive a token and therefore did not have to deceive the investigators.
