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This quota was chosen by the computer and not known before the study.
Sample size was not calculated before the study given the absence of available comparable data in literature; instead, a retrospective power analysis was implemented.
The ICU Stress Reactions Scale (ICUSS) was not validated before the study.
A power analysis was not performed before the study started.
These forms were not validated before the study.
Hence patients were unsure what exercise was safe, many were not exercising before the study.
Another limitation is that the validity of the questionnaire may be challenged, because it was not tested before the study.
This patient had a history of several neurological disorders (including unspecified foci on the MRI), but the diagnosis of MS was not established before the study.
What constituted a clinically important change in peak V o 2 after ghrelin treatment with PR was not known before the study ended.
Accurate records of dentists' delivery of fluoride varnish did not exist before the study, and we assumed dentist delivery of fluoride varnish was similar to other dentists in Washington state[ 3, 8].
These procedures are best done under the one anaesthetic, but the family need to be fully informed of their likelihood and significance and consent to these procedures, or not, before the catheterisation study can take place.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com