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Gene flow from the northeastern population then introduces linkage pattern variation into the midwestern population.
In another analysis of genetic variation in northeastern coyotes, Kays et al. identified three coarse phylogeographic areas: Ohio, the northeast zone, and a contact zone in western Pennsylvania and New York where the colonization front from Ohio has spread into the northeastern population.
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In earlier investigations at CABI (UK), the Peruvian pathotype demonstrated broader pathogenicity towards both southwestern and northeastern populations of M. micrantha (Ellison et al. 2004).
STRUCTURE software analysis revealed a gradual cline in the genetic structure, with three main clusters corresponding to the western, central and northeastern populations; the northeastern cluster showed the highest F value.
STRUCTURE software revealed a general gradual cline in genetic structure from southwestern to northeastern populations; however, some populations on the Japan Sea side showed quite a different local proportion of cluster memberships from nearby populations.
Similar results were also identified in both northeastern populations (LN vs HLJ), four cultivars, Tetep (88.3% vs 90.0%), Sifeng 43 (98.3% vs 90.0%), Zhenlong 13 (88.3% vs 100.0%), and Dongnong 363 (98.3% vs 100.0%) in the CDC set, were considered as the higher resistance cultivars in both populations (Table 4).
This bird is resident in southern and western Europe and southwestern Asia, while northeastern populations migrate south and west in winter within the breeding range and also further south to Iberia and north Africa.
Reanalysis of Y-chromosomal data confirmed both the overall similarity to other northeastern populations, and also a larger paternal contribution from southeastern populations.
Although variability was low, we nevertheless found significant differentiation between southwestern and northeastern populations.
The IGS gene tree reconstructed from midwestern and northeastern data broadly supports the RST system described using northeastern populations (31 ).
The first comprised northeastern populations characterized by higher frequencies of H haplogroups and absence of L haplogroups.
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