From a reaction-norm perspective, phenotypic variation in these traits reflects both genetic and plastic effects, along with possible genetic variation in this plasticity.
Indeed, a reaction norm perspective can be used to predict how farmed-wild hybrid genotypes might respond, on average, to changes in pH relative to wild genotypes.
In fact, developing a reaction norm perspective when investigating microevolutionary response to climate change might reveal that adaptation results mainly from a heritable change in individual reaction norms rather than in the mean phenotypic response.
Age was associated with better ranking of "help patient decide" and "make sure patient understand" statements (p < 0.001 and p = 0.002, respectively), which were ranked 1 3 by only 46%and42%2% of respondents from the current practice perspective (median ranking score 4 [2,6], p < 0.001 vs. norm perspective for both).
From the norm perspective, the least reflective statement was "meaningless routine" (ranked 1 3 by 2.6% of respondents) and the most reflective statements were "help patient decide", "make sure patient understand", and "inform patient" (ranked 1 3 by 65%, 60%, and 48% of respondents with median [25%,75%] ranking scores of 2 [1,5], 3 [2,4], and 4 [2,5], respectively).
The second is legitimation, consisting of the normative perspectives embedded as societal norms and values.
Social norms and perspectives about who could make decisions also represented boundaries to participation.
Thus, the introspective reflection of healthcare providers on how their own sexual norms and perspectives on adolescents could influence their practice and performance related to the provision of ASRH could be a valuable component of educational interventions to healthcare providers.
While these aspects are important, given that HAs are individually tailored interventions that extend beyond measures and standards, from a theoretical perspective norms and standards are not valid outcomes of HA [ 3].
Interestingly, a number of broader outcomes identified in the present study were not found in the search of Van Mastrigt et al. [ 14] such as creativity, optimism/happiness/ability to keep things in perspective, norms and values (respect), sexual performance, accessibility/affordability of health care, financial aspect/social economic situation, and therapy loyalty.
