However, cultural differences in construals of face, and in the norms linked to kinds of social relationship typical in a particular society ensure, that exactly what it is polite to say in a particular context may vary across cultures, providing a recurrent potential source of cross-cultural misunderstandings.
Traditional birth attendants' services were required because of the cultural appropriateness of their activities, which included a vertical position of the women during labour and delivery, participation of the family and observance of certain cultural norms linked to the delivery process [ 19].
Equal opportunity norms are linked to the ideal of a society in which wrongful discrimination does not occur.
In her research on sport and gender, Theberge traces how sport is traditionally "organised as a male preserve" [ 2], p.322 while sport advertising and the production of sports mega-events are often tailored specifically to the male spectator, masculine norms and linked to alcohol consumption and sexual titillation [ 3].
We conclude that: (1) patterns of behavior cannot adequately operationalize teen pregnancy norms, (2) norms are not simply linked to behaviors through individual perceptions, and (3) norms at different levels can operate independently of each other, interactively, or in opposition.
This idea, that appearance and adherence to gender norms are intrinsically linked to one's gender identity, is one of the very stereotypes that advocates for trans rights frequently look to dispel.
In this way, norms are thus linked to self-identity.
It is likely that such norms could be linked to religion.
Gender norms are closely linked to adolescent's sexual and reproductive health.
See Figure 2. According to the ecological model [ 39], factors acting at the societal level include norms of masculinity linked to male dominance, laws granting men control over women's behaviours, and attitudes that accept men's violence as a way to resolve family conflicts, and provision of inadequate policies and structures to address IPV [ 5, 27, 51, 52].
(DJN I.4.4, II.3.4) Thus, since moral norms are not directly linked to the intrinsic natures or purposes of things, or to the outcomes of actions, he was neither a teleologist nor a consequentialist in ethics (in the sense of maintaining an obligation to achieve or realize natural 'goods' or 'the good', which are assumed already to be morally compelling).
