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If the heterogeneity of preferences in a population increases with its size, degressively proportional thresholds satisfy the normative objective of 'neutrality' between individuals from different states.
Whereas empirical disciplines aim to be purely descriptive, however, EE has a strong normative objective: empirical research in EE is not an end in itself, but a required step towards a normative conclusion or statement with regard to empirical analysis, leading to a combination of empirical research with ethical analysis and argument.
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Whereas innovation is likely to involve breaking rules to achieve normative objectives (e.g., stealing to become rich), rebellion involves challenging the rules or objectives themselves (e.g., protests or campaigns to change laws).
The search for farm systems that meet such multiple goals requires a systematic combination of (a) agrotechnical, agroecological and agroeconomic knowledge, with (b) the stakeholders' joint agreement on normative objectives, to arrive at conceptual new designs followed by (c) empirical work to test, adapt and refine these under real commercial farming conditions.
The normative objectives prevalent in existing definitions [ 1, 13, 16] are surely all reasonable and desirable.
Allegations claiming that a field, which is inherently 'politicised', becomes 'politicised' by attaching normative objectives can be regarded as annulled.
Some definitions of 'global health' encapsulate the pursuit of normative objectives, claiming validity for those engaged in the field.
Further attention has been paid to problems that follow from normative objectives a priori attached to definitions of 'global health'.
But do these normative objectives de facto reflect the objectives of actors involved in the 'global health' landscape, i.e. in the supraterritorial health-scape?
The manuscript argues that definitions should abstain from attaching normative objectives a priori and factually describe what the field is, not what it ideally should be.
It then closes with reflections on (i) normative objectives attached to 'global health' definitions and (ii) paradoxes involved in attempts to define 'global health'.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com