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Based on this concept, measuring health should not be confined to the use of exclusively clinical normative indicators.
Not surprisingly, emotional ratings are often among the strongest covariates of HRQL; typically equal to, or stronger than, objectively defined (normative) indicators [ 34, 35].
These results are consistent with findings reported by other authors [ 21- 23] who found, among other things, that individuals with worse dental occlusion conditions, as measured by clinical normative indicators, had a poorer oral aesthetic self-perception.
Examination of the measurement portion of the model revealed that this unacceptable fit was due to one poorly-loading item within the perceived behavioral control variable (i.e., < 0.45 [ 21]), and also due to two covariance pathways that should be estimated between indicators (one between normative indicators and one between attitudinal indicators).
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In a community where violence is considered as a normative indicator of masculinity, their lower literacy level (20) may affect their critical thinking, resulting in their inability to see ways to communicate other than through violence.
Indeed, subjective OHRQoL measures and normative dental indicators, even if associated, are of different nature.
A graphical representation of dynamic norms can be a graph the arrows directions of which show the correlation between normative rates of indicators.
Hinkel (2011) argue that the heavy reliance on normative arguments within indicator-based approaches to vulnerability such as this mean that they are only appropriate for local scale studies where the indicator variables can be tied inductively to observed impact datasets.
Quantitative subjective and objective measures of carer burden and carer stress were administered and community service use measured, thereby capturing indicators of normative, felt, and expressed need.
In the sociodental approach (SDA) model, subjective perceptions of need are measured using an oral health related quality of life (OHRQoL) indicator while normative assessments are obtained through clinical oral examination.
The age and sex distributions of the school children with and without dental caries, periodontal problems, and malocclusions also differed, and might therefore have confounded the associations between the normative treatment needs or clinical indicators and the prevalence of oral impacts.
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