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Therefore, he argues, there is nothing problematic about the prima facie weird consequence of objective epistemic normativity that every non-normative fact whatsoever analytically entails a normative fact: You objectively ought to believe that p iff p. See also Gibbard (2012, 82-84) for a discussion of the relation between the subjective ought and the objective ought.
Suppose we agree that it is a normative fact that deception is morally wrong.
This normative fact consists in the response being endorsed by an impartial and well-informed spectator.
A realist would claim that there is some normative fact, according to which we ought to be instrumentally coherent.
But one might resume one's skepticism and ask why one must apply that normative fact to one's actions.
Consensus heuristics are efficient because they reduce the cost of individual learning by condensing a complex amount of information into a simple normative fact (e.g., 90%% of medical experts agree that vaccines are safe).
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A natural idea would be that a normative determination principle involves a mapping essentially mediated by norms, or normative facts.
Substantive normative facts may filter, supplement, or otherwise modify the original norms, as dictated by the interpretative goals in play.
This approach denies that practical reason is a capacity for reflection about an objective domain of independent normative facts; but it equally rejects the expressivist's naturalistic suspicion of normativity.
Another question about determination by normative facts arises from the commonly held view that normative facts themselves supervene upon non-normative facts.
The thought would be to claim that law is a normative practice, and normative facts cannot be reduced to purely non-normative facts without losing something essential.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com