Method 3 is a normalized procedure, performed under well controlled conditions and therefore enables the surface state to evolve from one state to another at well controllable rates.
Based on a study of 25 different types of materials, the normalized undrained shear strength of clay shales was found to correlate satisfactorily with overconsolidation ratio following the SHANSEP (Stress History and Normalized Soil Engineering Properties) normalization procedure for clays.
The quantification of the target genes was conducted using a calibrator-normalized procedure with the alpha-tubulin (atub) gene [GenBank: AJ279695] of silver birch and the putative PP2A [ 76, 77] of silver birch as reference genes.
A total of 207 differentially expressed genes were determined with cutoff criteria of p ≤ 0.05 and absolute fold change (FC) of at least 2. In this work, the original expression data was first normalized (see Array normalization procedure section) prior to statistical treatment.
Within each array, probes were separated into groups by GC content and each group was separately normalized using the loess normalization procedure.
Genes which show consistent low expression were removed and data sets were independently normalized using the quantile normalization procedure (mean) available in Genstat® 11.1.
Using DESeq2 normalized transcript read counts (normalization procedure described in methods) from Illumina RNA-Seq, we observe a nearly equal distribution in each quartile of transcript abundance for genes with at least two FC in expression (Additional file 1: Figure S1).
For this purpose, we adopt a Bayesian procedure where the normalized function of exp(−Q) represents a prior density, denoted by π.
Additionally, tests involving electrode x condition interactions were carried out on normalized data using the vector normalization procedure [62], [63].
