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The quantile normalization method was used to normalize expression values at the probe level.
qPCR experiments were conducted following MIQE guidelines51, the constitutive gene 18S (GenBank accession no. AF168884.1) was used as endogenous control to normalize expression in maize SAMs52.
A Loess transformation was performed using Beehive (http://stagbeetle.animal.uiuc.edu/Beehive) to normalize expression intensities.
18S (sense, 5'-GTAACCCGTTGAACCCCATT-3', and antisense, 5'- CCATCCAATCGGTAGTAGCG-3') was used as a housekeeping gene to normalize expression.
18S RNA expression levels served as a housekeeping gene to normalize expression between different samples and to monitor assay reproducibility.
Expression of TATA box binding protein (TBP) and human 18S ribosomal RNA (18S) was used to normalize expression levels.
The recA gene was used as an internal reference transcription control to normalize expression data for each target gene.
Information from these controls was used to develop a predictive equation to normalize expression levels within and among arrays.
An endogenous control (Human GAPD, Applied Biosystems 4352934E) was used to normalize expression.
An endogenous control (GAPDH, Applied Biosystems) was used to normalize expression.
We first normalize expression values for each gene v individually.
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