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The RMA method was used to convert the intensities from the multiple probes of a probe set into a single expression value with greater precision and reduced background noise (relying on the perfect match probes only and thus ignoring the mismatch probes) and then to normalize by sketch quantile normalization.
For convenience, we will normalize by setting θ ℓ =1, so that f ℓ ≡g.
We normalize by (log(N)), the natural growth rate of the JS divergence.
Fig. 7 The average orientation of faster shear waves and the average time delay normalize by path lengths in anisotropic upper crust.
Similarly, polysomnography studies in post-ICU patients have shown abnormal sleep parameters and sleep architecture that normalize by 6-month follow-up [12 16].
It is important to normalize by the gene concentration present in the sample, since the transcript concentration is dependent on the transcriptional activity and the concentration of the microbes in question.
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The software is developed to provide both a set of directly usable tools (e.g. normalize-by-median for digital normalization) as well as an experimental framework for developers looking to design new algorithms and methods.
Digital normalization is implemented in the script normalize-by-median.py.
The output of normalize-by-median.py can be assembled using a de novo assembler such as Velvet, IDBA, Trinity or SPAdes.
Reads above 30x coverage as well as singletons (likely to contain sequence errors and MDA artifacts) were removed (khmer scripts: normalize-by-median.py -C 30 -k 30; filter-abund.py).py
Digital normalisation was performed to remove highly duplicated reads using the normalize-by-median.py script part of the khmer package described by Brown et al. [ 34], with the recommended k-mer value of 20 and a coverage threshold of 20.
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