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2. Obviously, normalization is achieved on the probe set only when queries are 3D models.
This normalization is achieved by interpolating or truncating each sequence to the average length of all sequences.
Given a 3D object, this normalization is achieved by minimizing its visual hull with respect to different pose parameters (translation, scale, etc).
First, the volumes of the ellipsoid and the hypercube increase with number of dimensions for constant margin; therefore an overall normalization is achieved with the powers and of and products.
Moreover, the normalization is achieved by only adjusting an internal parameter of the acoustic front end (i.e., the perceptual warp factor ), making it a built-in procedure, hence the name built-in speaker normalization (BISN).
This means that still the perceptual and speaker normalization warps are performed in two separate steps, perceptual warp is achieved through use of a nonlinearly distributed Mel-filterbank whereas speaker normalization is achieved through the use of an appropriate matrix transformation after the Mel cepstra have been computed.
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The normalization was achieved by dividing the point with the distance between the two inner corners of the eyes (ß10 − ß9), Figure3b.
This normalization was achieved by dividing each signal with its maximum absolute value, and in practice this procedure proved to be sufficient for all signals to sound as having the same sound level; the reader is referred to the authors' website mentioned in Section 5.2 for listening to the audio waveforms that were used in the listening tests.
'Agreement' scores were calculated similarly except normalization was achieved by dividing by the maximum possible score after exclusion of ambiguous quartets (as described above) thus distinguishing between disagreement and poor resolution.
Normalization was achieved using SNORD47.
Within-array normalization was achieved using print-tip loess normalization.
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