Data were normalized using median normalization across the array.
For this analysis, only the Caucasian samples were used and data was normalized using quantile normalization across replicates and median normalization across individuals.
Genera abundances were calculated and normalized for each sample, followed by rank normalization across samples for each genus.
For this signature to work on external samples, the transcript levels were normalized to the geometric mean of seven control genes, followed by median normalization across the cell lines (see Supplementary Material).
An internal standard, α-aminobutyric acid, was used in samples and standards alike for peak area normalization across injections.
Transcript signal intensity differences were analyzed with z test after iterative median normalization across groups and Hochberg step-down Bonferroni procedure.
Results clearly indicated that biomass levels differ significantly between the techniques, and a phenological normalization across elevation gradients and land cover classes could be achieved.
CEL-files were imported into Partek Genomic Suite v6.6 software (Partek Inc., St Louis, MO) for performing robust multichip average normalization including background correction, quantile normalization across all arrays, and median polished summarization based on log transformed expression values.
To investigate inter-individual variations in microbial community composition, microbial abundances for each sample were calculated based on the taxonomic assignments of the constituent V1-V5 rRNA gene sequences, followed by normalization across genera.
The is for energy normalization across the different scales.
Further, to reduce the effect of any present tones which are caused by increased variance at random frequencies, variance normalization across the critical bands is performed[10].
