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We selected candidate miRNAs that satisfied three criteria: (1) the level in DCKO mouse serum was >1.5-fold higher than that in controls; (2) the global normalisation value was >100 in DCKO mouse serum, indicating easily detectable levels of miRNAs; and (3) the identified miRNAs were coincidently upregulated in both sera and DGC tissues.
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The normalisation values were compared between the two libraries and were calculated in the form of fold-changes (fold-change = log2 (treatment/control).
This normalisation ensures that the sum of the normalised values was the same in all samples.
Herbrich et al. [24] demonstrated that, without normalisation, large values can lead to over-fitting and thereby reducing the out-of-sample generalisation.
Linear PKs was observed for both the AUC ∞ and Cmax of BNP7787 and mesna enabling normalisation of values for the dose.
In median normalisation, all values are multiplied by a constant factor so that all arrays have a median log2 ratio of 0. Lowess, or Loess, normalisation accounts for spot intensity biases and other dependencies such as the location of the spot on the array and the use of different print tips.
To account for differences in the mass composition of the RNA-Seq samples, we conducted trimmed mean of M-values (tmm) normalisation of expression values using EdgeR [ 101] for each organ.
The overlaying onto each map node is realised by: first calculating the neighborhood-kernel-weighted hits/counts of the input data, then calculating the accumulated values (similarly weighted by the neighborhood kernel) of the additional data to be mapped onto that node, and finally obtaining the overlaid values via normalisation of the accumulated values by hits.
For value normalisation, the target amount was divided by the endogenous reference.
4 While interventions in haemodialysis trials and healthcare regulations have largely focused on biomarker endpoints and quantitative outcomes (mortality and cardiovascular events) to evaluate care, dialysis patients value normalisation of their lives, economic efficiency in healthcare and how their personal preferences are met, including reducing dietary and travel restrictions.
ΔΔCT values were generated for each target after normalisation by ACTB values.
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