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The FEM analysis predicted that the mobility of the model after arthrodesis on the upper level was reduced in all rotational degrees of freedom by an average of approximately 44%, relative to healthy normal discs.
When we applied this technique to ESCRT-II mutants, the resulting mutant eye discs are overgrown compared to normal discs (Fig. 4).
This overgrowth is particularly striking for vps25 mutant discs, consistent with previous reports [26], but also vps22 and vps36 mutant discs are significantly larger than normal discs (Fig. 4).
In this short review we outline the morphology and biochemistry of normal discs and the changes that arise during degeneration.
Grades 1 to 2 were classified as normal discs, while grades 3 to 5 were defined as degenerated.
Corresponding to the upregulated FAF1, we also found that the nearby enhancer-like lncRNA, RP11-296A18.3, wasignificantlyly increased in degenerative discs compared with the normal discs.
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Tissue engineering offers a treatment that both cures the problem of disc degeneration and restores normal disc function.
This study adds a more complete analysis of anatomic success (restoration or maintenance of normal disc space height and sagittal plane alignment).
In addition, the conventional procedure to design normal disc force assumes that all the fluid mechanical energy was converted into work; however, the CFD simulations showed that average normal disc force is about 19% lower than theoretical ASME force, which could prevent the valve oversizing.
The left eye (Figure 1b) had clear media, normal disc and foveal reflex, one discrete cotton-wool spot superior to the disc and a nasal area of retinal venous sheathing.
Numerous in vivo animal models for intervertebral disc (IVD) research have been developed and now play an important role in promoting our understanding of normal disc biology, degeneration and potential therapeutic mechanisms.
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CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com