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normal butanol.
The branched-carbon-chain butanols (tertiary butanol and isobutanol) tend to produce more propargyl radicals than those of straight-carbon-chain butanols (normal butanol and secondary butanol), thus the PAH formation is higher for the branched butanols.
The soot volume fractions with tertiary butanol and isobutanol addition are even higher than that without an additive in the fuel, while the addition of normal butanol and second butanol can reduce soot volume fractions further caused by its oxygenated molecular structure compared with T16 and T12.
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Vapor liquid equilibrium data have been determined at 760 mm for the binary systems normal butanol-tertiary butanol and normal butanol-secondary butanol.
In the STS rotor high stationary phase retention was possible with the aqueous sec-butanol solvent system at a normal flow rate.
This represents the highest n-butanol titer ever reached in a normal suspension culture of Clostridia.
By consecutively shifting the enzymes' V max and K m values and using the normal state as control, relative changes of in silico butanol production were computed.
The size of islets of Langerhans in the groups treated with aqueous ethanol and metformin was slightly reduced as compared to the normal control rats, however the group treated with n-butanol extraction shows islets of a similar size to that of the control group.
The decrement for the irritation threshold was more pronounced, with nearly 75% of the WTC exposed group exhibiting scores below the normal range (i.e., below dilution step 4 for n-butanol) compared with 23% in the control group.
After confirmed by PCR and sequencing, the mutants were grown in parallel with wild type Synechocystis in both normal BG11 medium and the BG11 medium supplemented with 0.25% (v/ v) butanol.
After chromosomal integration and full segregation as confirmed by PCR and sequencing (data not shown, the PCR primers for mutant construction and validation are listed in Additional file 1: Table S1)., the mutants were grown in parallel with the wild-type Synechocystis in both normal BG11 medium and the BG11 medium supplemented with 0.25% (v/ v) butanol.
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