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Their statistical patterns do not fit the good old normal bell curve, with a predictable average and symmetrical chances of hits and losses.
Consequently, a graph of a typical distribution (see normal distribution) of estimates of the age when two species diverged, gathered from a number of different genes, is skewed from the normal bell shape, with a large number of estimates of younger age clustered together at one end and a long "tail" of older-age estimates trailing away toward the other end.
The data were analyzed using a statistical T test, which is appropriate for a limited number of samples (<30) drawn from a population that is described by the normal ("bell curve") distribution.
As the PPI was originally normed on a college population, our patterns reflect the normal bell curve expected for this measure.
Because the frequency distribution of common independently inherited risk alleles is normal (bell shaped) and the association with risk is additive, more cases of disease would be expected in the many people with an intermediate number of risk alleles than the minority with a large number of alleles.
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Irv and Jerry boldly proposed an alternative polygenic model, derived from the work of the Edinburgh mathematical geneticist DS (Douglas) Falconer, in which liability to develop schizophrenia has a normal "bell-shaped" distribution in the population (like height or weight) contributed to by many genes.
If financial markets followed the normal bell-shaped distribution curve, in which meltdowns are very rare, the stockmarket crash of 1987, the interest-rate turmoil of 1992 and the 2008 crash would each be expected only once in the lifetime of the universe.This is changing the way many financial firms think about risk, says Greg Case, chief executive of Aon, an insurance broker.
Plotting the adoption of an innovation over time on a frequency basis will result in a normal, bell-shaped curve or if the numbers of adopters are cumulated over time in an S-Shaped curve of adoption (Rogers 2003).
In a passive trend resulting from an expansion of variance that is bounded by an immovable minimum (a "left wall" in Fig. 9a), the overall distribution will be skewed, but a subsampling within clades that are not next to this wall would be expected to exhibit a more normal (bell-shaped) distribution.
The HIV-1 RNA distribution comprising the Botsogo, Dikotlana, Mashi, and Mma Bana cohorts were close to the normal "bell-like" shape of distribution, but were enriched by HIV-infected individuals with low/undetectable levels of viral load, which was evident from spikes at the left side of the histograms representing these cohorts.
It was also reported that ∼1 mM Mg2+ restored the normal bell-shaped Ca2+-dependent curve of recombinant RyR2 with activation at 10 100 μM Ca2+.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com