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Secondly, studying genuine epilepsy mandates observation of spontaneous seizures, a daunting task in a freely behaving animal in which the unpredictable onset of rare subtle ictal behaviours must be distinguished from the normal behavioural repertoire of the animals.
On the other hand, some critics believe that as the manual has expanded, it has increasingly over-medicalised normal behavioural responses such as after a bereavement, and argue that the DSM manufactures conditions, thereby propagating labels that may harm people.
The children in question had chronic intestinal disease, and they also had a history of normal behavioural development followed by a loss of behavioural skills that had already been acquired.
Emerging neuroimaging evidence suggests that the neural underpinnings of vision after early visual deprivation may be abnormal, even when the deprivation ended shortly after birth and normal behavioural performance has been achieved.
Although implanted animals demonstrated a normal behavioural repertoire immediately after surgery, a three weeks time period was allowed prior to experimental utilisation in order to allow normal sleep patterns to be re-established.
All the elements of action that comprise liana-scratching are present in the normal behavioural repertoire of the Sonso chimpanzees: pushing and pulling objects, including lianas, and rubbing the body against stationary objects such as logs.
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Because behavioural pauses are part of normal behaviour, this may explain why FPI-induced epilepsy was not recognized until ECoG was employed to aid behavioural observation (D'Ambrosio et al., 2004).
We conclude that the behavioural changes we observe during EEEs lasting ≥2 s are not due to random association with normal behaviour but represent ictal behaviour that defines the behavioural phenotype of the post-traumatic epileptic syndrome after rpFPI.
Doloplus-2 is a nonverbal assessment tool based on behavioural observation methods, with focus on changes from patients' normal behaviour.
Signature-based techniques involve the use of attack signatures stored in a knowledge database to identify an attack, while anomaly based techniques use normal traffic behavioural pattern over a set period of time to determine whether subsequent patterns deviate from the expected behaviour.
Behavioural pauses, however, also occur as part of the normal rat behaviour.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com