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Phosphodiesterase III inhibitors may also be considered in cases of low cardiac output and normal arterial pressure.
Consequently, tissue perfusion could be impaired even with normal arterial pressure and mixed venous oxygenation [ 22, 23].
The stiffness of the aorta increases progressively with strain, i.e. the same aorta will be stiffer at hypertensive loading than at normal arterial pressure.
During the first stage of haemorrhage, corresponding to a reduction of the blood volume by approximately 15%, a modest increase in fc (<100 beats min−1) and total peripheral resistance compensate for the blood loss with maintenance of a near normal arterial pressure (Schadt and Ludbrook 1991; Jacobsen and Secher 1992).
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In order to simulate the effects of normal arterial blood pressure, blood was exposed to a pressure of 17.3 kPa (130 mmHg) for some of these tests using a standard oversized sphygmomanometer.
Furthermore, systemic hypotension is not always present in shock, and restoration of normal arterial blood pressure does not exclude maldistribution of blood flow to vital organs.
Among women, those who subsequently developed hypertension had lower HDL cholesterol concentrations at study entry compared with women who maintained normal arterial blood pressure.
However, a single venous lactate measurement above 4 mmol/l predicted short-term and in-hospital risk for death in patients presenting at the ED with suspected infection [ 20], even in those with normal arterial blood pressure [ 21].
In a rat model where renal oxygen tension was altered by hemodilution despite normal arterial blood pressure [ 24], a specific contribution of anemia to kidney damage through oxidative stress has been proposed [ 25].
Eligible patients were Caucasian men and women aged 18 65 years, weighing between 50 and 100 kg with a body mass index between 18 and 35 kg/m, who were non-smokers or light smokers (<5 cigarettes per day), with normal arterial blood pressure and heart rate.
After adjustments for disease severity, both patients with hypocapnia and those with hypercapnia had a greater 30-day mortality (ORs were 2.84 and 3.38, respectively) and a higher need for ICU admission (ORs were 2.88 and 5.35, respectively) compared with patients with a normal arterial partial pressure of carbon dioxide (PaCO2).
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