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For Longino, such criticism suggests the need for a better norm of objectivity, "measured against the cognitive needs of a genuinely democratic community" (Longino 1990, 236).
In the case of science the community of experts operates according to the norm of objectivity, the purpose of which is to guide scientific inquiry and justify its claims to communal epistemic authority.
As a result of Vietnam and Watergate, reporters abandoned the norm of objectivity.
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If the norms of objectivity and impartiality are breaking down, what is to distinguish the professional journalist from anyone with access to social media or a blog?
An article in the New York Times this summer by Jim Rutenberg, "Trump Is Testing the Norms of Objectivity in Journalism," raised similar problems faced by news reporters.
The norm of Assumed Objectivity, then, yields the belief that women are submissive and object-like, which is true but has the wrong direction of fit (Langton 2000, 138 142), along with the false belief that women are naturally this way.
Those people who occupy a position of power and pursue the norm of Assumed Objectivity will make the world conform to their belief (Langton 1993, 383).
Haslanger argues that, under conditions of social hierarchy, the Norm of Assumed Objectivity would perpetuate the existing patterns of women's objectification.
Langton agrees with Haslanger that, under conditions of social hierarchy, the norm of Assumed Objectivity is problematic and therefore should be rejected.
Following the norm of Assumed Objectivity, then, men form the belief that women are in fact submissive and object-like, and also that women are like that due to their nature.
For a criticism of Langton's argument that the norm of Assumed Objectivity is responsible for yielding beliefs that are true but have a wrong direction of fit, see Papadaki 2008).
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com