Two-photon fluorescence microscopy (2PFM) [ 11, 34, 35] is a nonlinear imaging modality which is inherently confocal and hence enables 3D visualization of the microvasculature.
The diagnostic capabilities of ultrasound imaging can be improved with contrast-specific nonlinear imaging modalities such as harmonic and subharmonic imaging.
The effort leads to a novel modality in nonlinear microscopy-nonlinear absorption microscopy.
And lastly, many biologists are unfamiliar with the capability of CARS and other nonlinear optical imaging modalities.
The new modality exploits the nonlinear propagation of ultrasound waves in human tissues, yielding the presence of significant harmonics in the ultrasound echoes, which can be selected on the receiver.
AO has proven effective to improve the signal and the resolution of images in a number of imaging modalities and most notably in nonlinear microscopy, where several methods have been developed for measuring aberrations [ 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6].
Different from phase contrast or differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopes, the infrared excitation and third-order nonlinear nature of THG make THG microscopy a better modality to performed thick tissues or in vivo imaging with 3D sub-micron spatial resolution [ 8– 15, 15– 17].
Modeling large-scale brain activity with nonlinear dynamical systems theory allows the integration of experimental data from multiple modalities into a common framework that facilitates prediction, testing and possible refutation.
In comparison with the existing methods of the analysis of nanoparticle distribution in skin, nonlinear optical microscopy (NLOM) has demonstrated a considerable promise, as an in vivo imaging modality capable of providing clear images of the subsurface skin layers (at a depth of ≤ 200 μm in turbid biological tissue) at the sub-cellular resolution [ 19– 219.
The angle-ply structure and nonlinear properties of the AF facilitate both joint mobility and stability in multiple modalities, including bending and rotation, and combinations thereof (Guerin and Elliott, 2007; Heuer et al., 2008; Schmidt et al., 2007).
