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Simplified approaches, based on one-dimensional inelastic force-based fiber elements, combined with nonlinear links, to globally represent connection elements interaction, have been developed and validated by comparisons with experimental response.
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Changing the nonlinear link function of the model (from an exponential to another type of nonlinearity, see Eq. 1 and Section 2.4.2) could, in principle, help to increase the amount of variance in the response described by the model.
Meanwhile, there is already one nonlinear link between Watergate and Whatevergate.
The group of nonlinear link elements that represent the abutment-soil interaction and pounding was attached to the end diaphragms.
We formulate the problem as a multi-level capacitated facility location problem on a tree topology with nonlinear link cost.
Dealing with the nonlinear link cost, we propose an objective function relaxation approach to obtain tight upper and lower bounds.
The properties of nonlinear link elements, columns, and column PMM hinges were the same as those used in the FE models.
Similarly, since there is no single element in SAP2000 that can be used to model the hysteretic behavior of shear keys, a series and parallel arrangement of various nonlinear link elements is used.
A combination of nonlinear link elements has been demonstrated to model very accurately the complex hysteretic response due to abutment-soil interaction and of the shear keys in SAP2000 resulting in reliable results as discussed in detail earlier.
The difference between "unit-specific" models and "population-average" models arises only in the case of a nonlinear link function.
The key is to quantify effective flexural-only stiffnesses (B) that capture the material nonlinearities from flexure-slip action of the TCC section, and to conduct the analyses using B profiles which satisfy equilibrium, compatibility and nonlinear constitutive links to the connections.
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