Tumours of the endocrine pancreas, which occur in the cells of the islets of Langerhans, are rare and are often classified as functional or nonfunctional tumours.
In the family Costaceae, the large labellum represents a union of all five nonfunctional stamens, and in some cases it can be seen to be five-lobed.
Other soft-toned capped double reeds, known largely from written descriptions and pictorial sources, are the Italian cornamusa, probably little more than a crumhorn without the nonfunctional curved area, and the dolzaina, appearing much the same as the cornamusa.
Most unisexual flowers in the order have become that way after either the pistil or the stamens fail to mature, as the flowers often retain the rudimentary remains of the nonfunctional organ.
Polyploids with odd numbers of sets (e.g., triploids) are sterile, because homologous chromosomes pair only two by two, and the extra chromosome moves randomly to a cell pole, resulting in highly unbalanced, nonfunctional meiotic products.
Mouthparts have nonfunctional mandibles but well-developed maxillary and labial palpi (or sensory appendages).
Such studies have also helped to draw attention to highly conserved regions of noncoding sequences of DNA that were originally thought to be nonfunctional because they do not contain base sequences that are translated into protein.
Cave fishes, with eyes reduced to nonfunctional rudiments, have elaborate systems of sense organs in the skin of the head, body, and tail; they live in total darkness.
In some cases teeth may fail to develop, or too many teeth may exist, usually in a nonfunctional configuration.
Except for the canines and molars, the cat's teeth are more or less nonfunctional; most of the cheek teeth do not even meet when the mouth is closed.
All tissues outside the cork cambium constitute the outer bark, including the nonfunctional phloem and cork cells.
