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Non-restrictive clauses: which, comma (both essential).
"Which John built" is non-restrictive.
It's gone from a restrictive to a non-restrictive abuse-handle.
Crystal identifies a non-restrictive list of 11 distinct non-specialist functions for the exclamation mark.
They don't even want to know what the distinction between a restrictive and a non-restrictive clause might be.
Which is used more often with non-restrictive clauses, and that is only used for restrictive clauses.
A word about relative clauses: restrictive relative clauses (also known as defining, best thought of as giving essential information by narrowing it down) are not enclosed by commas, whereas non-restrictive relative clauses (non-defining, giving non-essential information) are.
In contrast, in a non-restrictive design all flow rates are optimised.
Tangent, non-restrictive, and restrictive horizontal curvatures were assigned to each segment.
The crash corridor in this study involved several restrictive curves, non-restrictive curves, and tangent segments.
Del Gobbo and Francesca (2003, 2010) proposes an analysis against this restrictive versus non-restrictive (or descriptive/appositive) analysis.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com