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At the same time, much criticism has been voiced about such reforms jeopardising the fundamental humanist traditions in teaching, based on beliefs about non-instrumental values of education.
A strong critical starting point in an application of non-instrumental values to political debate is found in Oliver Bennett's 'Beyond Machinery: The Cultural Policies of Arnold, 1869' (2005).
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Kurth's The Anxious Mind is an excellent book, convincingly arguing that there is much instrumental and non-instrumental value in anxiety.
Another irony is that the mis-expectation of the student quoted above, who believed he should get an 'A' for effort, is one expectation that has little to do with learning for its own sake or the non-instrumental value of humanistic study, but is instead an expectation completely at odds with the practical world he will encounter when leaving school.
It cannot show that pleasure and pain alone have non-instrumental value.
In the literature on environmental ethics the distinction between instrumental value and intrinsic value (in the sense of "non-instrumental value") has been of considerable importance.
So Moore's doctrine of organic unities was driven by his idea that non-instrumental value was an intrinsic property, or at least supervened on intrinsic properties.
How intimately is consciousness bound up with those features of our own and others' lives that give them intrinsic or non-instrumental value for us?
The import of this claim to our current discussion is that achievements are, plausibly at least, of final (i.e., non-instrumental) value.
Recalling that non-instrumental value is the present point of focus, Bentham's account suggests the quantitative hedonist idea that the non-instrumental value of pleasure is a matter just of its quantitative features, and that these reduce just to its duration and its intensity.
They can hold that the non-instrumental value of each of pleasure, knowledge, autonomy, friendship and achievement (or any other good proposed instead) is best explained by its own non-instrumental features.
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Since I tried Ludwig back in 2017, I have been constantly using it in both editing and translation. Ever since, I suggest it to my translators at ProSciEditing.

Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com