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However, the authors of this report consider that poor initial specification and construction of the items was largely responsible for the high level of non-functioning items.
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The focus group participants believed that the non-functioning infrastructure items categorised as general damage (13.7%, n = 19) also reflected the absence of a timely and effective repairs and maintenance program in the community.
Faulty or non-functioning infrastructure items considered inappropriate because of design issues or the materials used included hot-water systems (17), kitchen bench tops (10), stove tops (1), ovens (4).
As reported in the results section, 16 items (26.7%) had zero non-functioning distracters, 22 items (36.7%) had one, 17 items (28.3%) had two, and five items (8.3%) had three.
Item indices included: CTT item discrimination (point biserial), item facility as the percentage of correct responses for an item, the number of non-functioning options, the item fit following scaling with the Rasch model, and the standard error of measurement (SEM) following scaling with the Rasch model.
The average number of non-functioning options per item in the four-option test form was 1.18.
Both non-functioning and functioning versions of the prop were created.
Results from this study also highlight the importance of reviewing item performance after test administration and using these results to eliminate non-functioning distractors to improve test items in future administrations of the test.
Three option-items have many advantages for both item writers and examinees and additional non-functioning distractors are not likely to improve item or test psychometric properties.
For example, the minimum facility of the five items with three non-functioning distractors is 87.68%.
Forty-eight adenomas were non-functioning and 73 functioning.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com