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These results confirmed that the AsdB present in E. ictaluri is non-functional, since deletion of asdA is enough to preclude cell growth in the absence of DAP.
In parallel, a Ser631 chicken Mx allele (8.1) was assessed (presumed non-functional since the Ser631 polymorphism destroys antiviral activity against VSV [18]), together with the known antiviral Mx proteins murine Mx1 and human MxA.
C-terminal tagged DAYSLEEPER appeared non-functional, since it did not complement the daysleeper phenotype.
This complex genetic set up enables investigation of the phenotype of MreB containing mutations that might render the protein non-functional, since MreB is essential in E. coli.
It is believed that, in mice (in contrast to humans), the TLR8 pathway is non-functional since cells from TLR7-/ mice fail to respond to stimulation with synthetic TLR7/8 ligands [ 2].
It has been suggested by Wunderlich and Mirny [ 15] based on information-theory considerations that sites of such structure are non-functional, since non-clustered binding sites may not be recognizable by the corresponding TFs.
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Pseudogenes are part of these non-functional DNAs since they are the defective copies of the protein-coding genes.
This was not due to a non-functional construct, since qRT-PCR experiments verified endogenous and the transgenic VvCCD1 expression in the plant lines.
Any leak-through expression from its own promoter leads to a non-functional protein since the group I intron interrupting it cannot be spliced out due to its antisense orientation relative to kanamycin expression.
There was no evidence for a significant population of non-functional HCs since essentially all Cx26 was localized to the higher-density band (band 2) of the sucrose gradient, with a very small fraction at the lower-density upper band.
Diversity within the HEGs identified from this study could therefore reflect non-functional HEGs, since the cycle of intron-without-HEG to intron-with functional-HEG to intron-with functional-HEGHEG and ultintron-with functional-HEGhoutoHEG is ongoing [ 61, 62].
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