And let's face it; recruitment is one of the most non-transparent processes you will go through in your life.
First is an issue of procedure: international bodies often operate with unaccountable and non-transparent processes.
This finding concurred with the previous systematic review by Moher et al in which the authors noted the problems of non-transparent processes for the development of, and reporting on, guidelines [ 42].
However, they were all appointed under the same flawed, non-transparent process that led to the Butler-Sloss and Fiona Woolf fiascos.
She added: "It seems they are using a completely non-transparent process to arrive at a blanket judgment about a whole group of people".
In the United States, by contrast, policy is made piecemeal in a highly specialized and therefore non-transparent process by judges who are unelected and usually serve with lifetime tenure.
Worse still, for those who don't like paying taxes, if the foreign business interest were to win damages or negotiate a settlement, the host country's taxpayers are effectively made to hand over cash to a foreign entity in an undemocratic and non-transparent process without any form of appeal.
The alternative, of course, is to disregard all such data and leave local decision-making to a non-transparent process of "expert opinion".
Of further importance is the private and non-transparent process by which the first draft of the legislation got designed - private consultations that occurred prior to the public hearings.
Theory can be produced empirically, through engagement with the literature or through non-transparent internalised processes.
Other factors mentioned in connection with organisational and resource barriers included poor long term policy planning [ 45], inflexible and non-transparent policy processes [ 46, 47] and in developing countries, lack of effective health care systems [ 24].
