Russian is by far the most widely spoken non-official language in Israel.
In 2011, nearly 6.8 million Canadians listed a non-official language as their mother tongue.
Samoan is the most widely spoken non-official language (2.3 percent), followed by French, Hindi, Yue and Northern Chinese.
For each of the top five non-official languages, there were at least 5 census divisions with a NENF population speaking a non-official language without any primary care physicians proficient in that non-official language.
Likewise, from our experience, we could suggest that multilingual personnel and documents translations, particularly the questionnaire, to another non-official language(s), augmented considerably the participation of those who prefer answering in their mother language.
For each non-official language, we produced bi-variate choropleth maps of Ontario, broken down into the 49 CDs, to determine which CDs had the highest risk of language discordant clinical encounters.
Moreover, carrying out the CCHS survey in a non-official language was significantly associated with a decreased odds (OR 0.2; 95% CI 0.03-1.7) of reporting extremely stressful life stress for South Asian immigrant populations.
There was a range of 5-15 census divisions with an NENF population speaking one of the top five non-official languages without any primary care physicians proficient in that non-official language.
However, we did find that, for Chinese, Italian, and Punjabi, the three census divisions with the largest NENF populations had the largest number of physicians proficient in that non-official language.
For the South Asian immigrant sample, three additional variables of acculturation were examined: years since immigration (0 9 years, 10+ years), age at time of immigration (≤17 years, 18+ years), and language of CCHS interview (English or French, non-official language).
The objective of this study was to quantify and visualize the linguistic and spatial mismatch between Ontario's population not proficient in English or French but proficient in one of the top five non-official languages and the physicians who are proficient in the same non-official language.
