The null space approach can be used to calculate a unique solution to the non- measured fluxes, when the system is either determined or over-determined.
There are other important quality issues in EMR data including inconsistency, redundancy, inaccuracy, missing data, interoperability between vendor products, and potential biases from measured and non-measured confounders (Monteith et al. 2015; Bayley et al. 2013; Kaplan et al. 2014; Hersh et al. 2013; Hripcsak et al. 2011).
There were no statistically significant differences between the measured and non-measured homes with regard to the distribution of childhood cancers and their matched controls (Table 2-wrap>).
The equation system of carbon isotopomer reactions is an implicit function Fcarbon x, ν) = 0, bilinear but square with respect to carbon isotopomer fractions (x) and nonlinear with respect to fluxes, where x consists of non-measured xu and measured xm.
Open image in new window Fig. 3 P δ curve for a three-point bend test showing the measured (W f ) and non-measured (W f.nm ) work-of-fracture.
The fluxes consist of non-measured intracellular fluxes νu and measured effluxes νm, i.e., ν = (νu, νm) T. Typically, realistic models are underdetermined, that is, the rank of S is smaller than the number of entries in νu [ 1].
When this was missing, indoor radon measurements from at least five dwellings found around each non-measured unit were used to estimate a radon value (geometric mean).
Raw data provided by measurement instruments like confocal microscopy often contains non-measured points and outliers.
Only measuring birth weight in selected sub-districts might have influenced some of the associations, although non-measured birth weights were missing at random [ 25].
