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The second concept of cause is the familiar one of but for or sine qua non cause.
Thus, for Henry of Ghent, the will is the sole cause of its free act (Quodl. I, q. 17), so much so that he tends to relegate the intellect's role to that of a sine qua non cause.
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It is formidably difficult to distinguish beyond doubt a cause from a non-cause, or a proximal cause from a distal cause, or which of six rock-throwing hoodlums smashed your picture window.
The preempting cause and disconnecting cause do raise the probability of the process that produces the effect; the fizzled non-cause and misconnecting non-cause do not.
The preempting cause and the effect are linked by a process, while the fizzled non-cause and the effect are not — just look at the diagrams.
The fallacy of non-cause occurs in contexts of ad impossibile arguments when one of the assumed premises is superfluous for deducing the conclusion.
In this way it might be denied that there is a genuine process connecting the misconnecting non-cause and the effect.
There are seven kinds of sophistical refutation that can occur in the category of refutations not dependent on language: accident, secundum quid, consequent, non-cause, begging the question, ignoratio elenchi and many questions.
The superfluous premise will then not be a factor in deducing the conclusion and it will be a mistake to infer that it is false since it is a non-cause of the impossibility.
One might think that there can be fizzlings with no intermediaries to factor or differences to be precise about or intrinsic defectivness of the fizzled non-cause, in cases of overlapping (Schaffer 2000b).
The disconnecting cause (such as Pam's release of the catapult) and the effect are linked by probability, while the misconnecting non-cause (such as Tom's bystanding or spray painting) and the effect are not.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
CEO of Professional Science Editing for Scientists @ prosciediting.com